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5C059 Television signal compression and encoding systems
H04N7/12 -7/137@Z
H04N7/12-7/137@Z KK KK00
PURPOSE * 		KK01 KK02 KK03 KK04 KK06 KK07 KK08 KK09 KK10
. Prevention of picture deterioration . . Use of visual characteristics . . Block distortion . . Mosquito noise . Reduction of components . . Circuit sharing . . Reduction of memory capacity . . . Reduction of table capacity . . using software
KK11 KK12 KK13 KK14 KK15 KK17 KK18 KK19
. Acceleration of coding/decoding . . using hardware . . Parallel processing . . . Pipeline processing . . Omission or simplification of calculations . . Acceleration of search . . . Code . . . Motion vector
KK21 KK22 KK23 KK25 KK26 KK27 KK29 KK30
. making constant * . . making code amount constant . . making picture quality constant, e.g. constant S/N . . Selection of optimum coder . . making constant by a single processing step . . making constant by repeated processing steps . . making constant within a block . . making constant within a picture
KK31 KK32 KK33 KK34 KK35 KK36 KK37 KK38 KK39 KK40
. Speed adjustment . . inside encoding/decoding circuits . . Between input/output and encoding/decoding of pictures . . between encoding/decoding and transmission . Prevention of overflow or underflow . Editing . . Synthesis . . Scaling, resizing . . Editing of encoded signals . Partial decoding
KK41 KK43 KK45 KK47 KK49 KK50
. Conversion of coding method . Secrecy, cipher or authentication, e.g. electronic watermark . Operation/performance test . Evaluation of picture quality . Power saving . Use of an integrated circuit or a single chip
LA LA00
PRE-AND POST-PROCESSING * 		LA01 LA02 LA04 LA05 LA06 LA07 LA09 LA10
. A/D or D/A conversion . D/D conversion, i.e. conversion of number of bits or bit width . Scanning excluding transform coefficient scanning . . Interlace . . Scan conversion . . . Interlace/noninterlace conversion . Picture reordering . Converting to fixed length, e.g. byte-packing
LB LB00
SAMPLING * 		LB01 LB02 LB03 LB04 LB05 LB07
. Sampling . . Shifting sampling positions . . Variable density sampling . . Sub-Nyquist sampling . . resampling . Picture skipping
LB11 LB12 LB13 LB15 LB16 LB18
. Interpolation including extrapolation . . Scan line interpolation . . Frame or field interpolation . . Interpolation using picture elements in the same picture . . Interpolation using picture elements in other picture . . . Interpolation with motion compensation
LC LC00
BLOCKING * 		LC01 LC03 LC04 LC05 LC06 LC08 LC09 LC10
. 3D blocking . Position or shape of block . . Variable shape, i.e. non-rectangular . . Overlapped in a picture . . Shifting positions between pictures . Integration of block . Redivision of block . Processing of blocks at picture border
MA MA00
CODING METHOD * 		MA01 MA02 MA03 MA04 MA05 MA07 MA09 MA10
. Predictive or differential coding . . Intrafield prediction . . Interfield prediction . . Intraframe prediction . . Interframe prediction . . Prediction after converting fields to frames . . Background prediction . . . Background outside a picture, e.g. sprite prediction
MA12 MA13 MA14 MA15 MA17 MA18 MA19 MA20
. . Referring to two or more pictures . . . Dual prime prediction . . . Bi-directional prediction, i.e. prediction from both past and future pictures . . . . Prediction from P and B pictures . . Prediction or differentiation from another layer or band . . referring to a different picture for each object . . Prediction factor . . . Leaky prediction, e.g. eaky integral prediction
MA21 MA22 MA23 MA24 MA25 MA27 MA28 MA29
. Orthogonal transform coding (to MC ---) . . Hadamard transform (to MC ---) . . Discrete cosine transform (DCT) (to MC ---) . . Wavelet transform (to MC ---) . . Variable shape, i.e. non-rectangular (to MC ---) . Block coding excluding orthogonal transform and VQ . . Dynamic range, e.g. ADRC . . Representative value and its distribution, e.g. DBTC
MA31 MA32 MA33 MA34 MA35 MA37
. Hierarchical coding or scalability . . Spatial direction, i.e. spatial resolution . . Temporal direction, i.e. time resolution . . Amplitude direction, i.e. amplitude resolution . . . Bit plane or level plane . . changing resolution for each object
MA41 MA43 MA45 MA47
. Sub-band coding excluding wavelet . Fractal or iterated transformation coding (IFS) . Reversible, i.e. lossless coding . sending coding errors or quantisation errors
MB MB00
OBJECT CODING * 		MB01 MB02 MB03 MB04 MB05 MB06 MB08 MB09 MB10
. Extraction of object . . Region segmentation . . Contour extraction . . Motion information . . Polygonisation . . Picture recognition . . Use of model . . . Extraction of deformation parameter . . . Registration or update of models
MB11 MB12 MB14 MB16 MB17 MB18 MB19
. Content of object * . . Person . Coding of picture elements values, i.e. texture (to MA ---) . Coding of shape information, e.g. contours . . Based on MMR . . using polygon vertices . . Tracking contours, e.g. chains
MB21 MB22 MB23 MB24 MB26 MB27 MB29
. Object synthesis . . Synthesising information . . . Transparency, e.g. alphaplane . . . Coding of synthesising information . Processing of non-object area . . Change of picture element values, i.e. padding . with audio processing
MC MC00
PROCESSING OF TRANSFORM COEFFICIENT * 		MC01 MC02 MC04 MC06
. Scanning . . Irregular zigzag scanning . Truncation . Normalisation
MC11 MC12 MC14 MC15 MC16 MC18
. Quantisation . . Non-linear quantisation . . Quantisation matrix or table . . . multiplying weighting factor to matrix . . . . Weighting matrix . . Vector quantization (VQ) (to MD04 ---)
MC21 MC22 MC23 MC24 MC26 MC28 MC30
. Selection of coefficient to encode (truncation) . . Predetermined coefficient . . Predetermined quantity . . EOB, i.e. end of block . Insertion or replacement of additional information, or the like * . Countermeasures against mismatch . dividing into groups
MC31 MC32 MC33 MC34 MC35 MC36 MC38
. Coding . . Direct current (DC) component . . . Prediction including DPCM . . Alternating current (AC) component . . . Prediction including DPCM . . . . Prediction of partial coefficients . Code allocation (to ME ---)
MD MD00
QUANTISATION <> 		MD01 MD02 MD03 MD04 MD05 MD06 MD07 MD08 MD09 MD10
. Normalisation excluding transform coefficient . Quantisation excluding transform coefficient . . Non-linear quantisation excluding transform coefficient . . Vector quantisation or (VQ) . . . Normalised VQ . . . Multistage VQ . . . Code book . . . . Selection . . . . Generation . . . . Update
ME ME00
CODE ALLOCATION * 		ME01 ME02 ME03 ME05 ME06 ME08 ME10
. Variable length code (VLC) . . Huffman . . . using flags or groups . . Run length (RL) . . . O, i.e. invalid data only . . Two-dimensional VLC, e.g. non-zero values + zero RL . . Bi-directionally decodable, RVLC
ME11 ME13 ME15 ME17
. . Arithmetic coding . Fixed length code . Code table switching code, e.g. escape code . Code table being described
NN NN00
MOTION PROCESSING * 		NN01 NN02 NN03 NN04 NN05 NN08 NN09 NN10
. Motion vector detection . . Multistage or hierarchical . . Search area . . . Outside picture . . Setting of search start point . . Evaluation . . . Stop of search . . . Plural candidates
NN11 NN14 NN15 NN16 NN19 NN20
. . referring to motion vector of other blocks . . Non-integer picture element accuracy . . . Half picture element accuracy . . . Differential motion vector (dmv) or motion vector for fine adjustment . . Processing to facilitate motion vector compression . . . Processing to increase zero vectors
NN21 NN23 NN24 NN26 NN27 NN28 NN29 NN30
. Processing of motion vectors excluding coding . Motion/stillness judgement . . Detection of moving area . Detection or judgement unit . . Per picture, i.e. global . . per block . . per picture element . . Overlapping
NN31 NN32 NN34 NN36 NN37 NN38 NN39 NN40
. Processing at representative points . . Grid points, e.g. grids or warping . Processing of significant area only . Processing by extracting feature value * . . Frequency component, e.g. transform coefficient . . Contour or edges . . Binarisation . . Luminance gradient
NN41 NN43 NN45 NN47 NN49 NN50
. deriving information from cameras, sensors, or the like . Scene change . Pan or tilt . Zoom . Rotation . Camera shake
PP PP00
PICTURE FOR PROCESSING * 		PP01 PP02 PP04 PP05 PP06 PP07 PP08 PP10
. Still picture . . Binary picture . Moving picture . . I picture, i.e. picture coded individually . . P picture, i.e. picture coded with unidirectional prediction . . B picture, i.e. picture coded with bidirectional prediction . . D picture, i.e. picture comprising only DC components . . partially moving picture
PP11 PP12 PP13 PP14 PP15 PP16 PP17 PP18 PP19 PP20
. Film picture . CG picture . Stereoscopic picture . Colour picture . . RGB . . YIQ . . Colour code . Mixed or hybrid picture comprising plural types of pictures . . Natural picture and CG picture . . Binary picture including characters and multilevel picture
PP21 PP22 PP23 PP24 PP25 PP26 PP27 PP28 PP29 PP30
. Processing area * . . Contour area . . Flat area . . Character area, e.g. subtitles . . Block boundary area . . Moving area . . Still area . . Object area . . Background area . . Screen edge
RA RA00
TRANSMISSION METHOD * 		RA01 RA02 RA04 RA06 RA08 RA09
. Wire transmission . . Optical transmission . Radio transmission . Plural transmission lines or channels . Bidirectional or interactive . . Request signal
RB RB00
MULTIPLEXING * 		RB01 RB02 RB03 RB04 RB05 RB06 RB08 RB09 RB10
. Time-division multiplexing . . Packet, or cell, e.g. ATM . . . Measures against packet loss . . . . Priority . Frequency multiplexing . Code division multiplexing . characterised by multiplexing position * . . Header . Multiplexing of plural picture sequences
RB11 RB12 RB13 RB14 RB15 RB16 RB17 RB18 RB19 RB20
. Unit or cycle to multiplex * . . per block . . . per plural blocks . . per field or per frame . . . per plural fields or per plural frames . . per packet or per cell . . per hierarchy or per frequency band . . per object . . per predetermined code amount . . at the start of transmission
RC RC00
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION OR MULTIPLEXED INFORMATION * 		RC01 RC02 RC03 RC04 RC05 RC07 RC08 RC09
. Transmission-control information * . . Synchronisation information . . Clock information . . Time information, e.g. time stamp . . Destination . . Dummy, fill or stuffing . . . for speed adjustment . . . for making data amount predetermined data amount
RC11 RC12 RC14 RC16 RC17 RC19
. Coding control information * . . Adaptive control information . . Table, matrix or table contents . . Motion vector . . Result of motion/stillness judgement . . Synthesising information, e.g. transparency
RC22 RC24 RC26 RC28 RC30
. . Number of data unit, e.g. block numbers . . Information indicating segment of data unit . . Decoding order information . . Data amount or code amount . . Bitmap-formed information
RC31 RC32 RC33 RC34 RC35 RC37 RC38 RC39 RC40
. Encoding/decoding program . Audio information . Still pictures . Character information . Secrecy or authentication information, e.g. watermark . Compression of additional information . . Differentiation or prediction . . Sampling . . Variable length coding
RD RD00
MODULATION * 		RD01 RD03 RD05 RD07 RD09
. Analog modulation . Digital modulation . Amplitude modulation . Phase modulation . Frequency modulation
RE RE00
TRANSMISSION CONTROL * 		RE01 RE02 RE03 RE04 RE06 RE07 RE09
. Synchronisation . . Synchronisation with other signals . . . Synchronisation with audio signals . Clock control . characterised by transmission order * . . Progressive or gradual transmission . Relay or exchange
RE11 RE12 RE13 RE15 RE16 RE18 RE19 RE20
. Partial transmission . . rectangular . . non-rectangular . . specified by transmitting side . . specified by receiving side . . Manual . . Automatic . . transmitting only parts conforming to the capabilities of transmission line or receiving side
RF RF00
MEASURES AGAINST CODE ERRORS * 		RF01 RF02 RF04 RF05 RF06 RF07 RF09
. Error detection . . Error detection code . Error correction . . Error correction code . . . Double error correction code . . Processing errors exceeding correction capability . Error concealment
RF11 RF12 RF13 RF14 RF15 RF17 RF18 RF19 RF20
. Prevention of error propagation . . Refresh . . . Partial refresh . . . Use of I picture . . . Request or demand from receiving side . Position to insert error measures code * . . based on coding unit . . based on transmission unit . . based on code amount
RF21 RF23 RF24 RF25 RF27 RF28 RF30
. Shuffling . Retransmission . . Changing parameter . Duplicated transmission . Arrangement of important information in bitstream . Synchronisation recovery . Measures against errors in additional information
SS SS00
APPLICATION * 		SS01 SS02 SS03 SS04 SS05 SS06 SS07 SS08 SS09 SS10
. Broadcasting . . for digital TV broadcasting . . for high definition TV . . . MUSE . . HDTV/SDTV compatible . Communication . . Video conference or video telephone . . Internet . . Video on Demand (VOD) . . Mobile terminal
SS11 SS12 SS13 SS14 SS15 SS16 SS17 SS18 SS19 SS20
. for recording . . for picture database . . for DVD . . for digital video camera . . . for still picture, e.g. still camera . . Special playback . . . High speed playback . . . Reverse playback . . Search . . Recording medium claims
SS21 SS22 SS23 SS24 SS26 SS28 SS30
. for high definition . . for intra-station or inter-station . . for medical . . for satellite picture . for computer . for printing including page description language (PDL) . for audio
TA TA00
OBJECT OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL * 		TA01 TA02 TA03 TA05 TA06 TA07 TA08 TA09
. Pre-and post-processing . . Scanning . . Picture reordering . Sampling process . . Sampling interval or density, or spatial resolution . . Frame skip, number of frames, or time resolution . . Interpolation . . . Picture elements used for interpolation
TA11 TA12 TA13 TA14 TA16 TA17 TA18 TA19
. Blocking . . Shape or size of block . . Switch between field block and frame block . . Switch between 2D block and 3D block . Coding method . . Selection of coding method . . . Switch between intra-, i.e. non-prediction, and inter-, i.e. prediction picture . . . Selection of profile or level
TA21 TA22 TA23 TA24 TA25 TA26 TA27 TA29 TA30
. . Predictive or differential coding . . . with or without prediction . . . Switch between intra- and inter-prediction . . . Switch between inter-field and inter-frame prediction . . . Allocation or selection of IPB . . . Switch with background prediction . . . Switch between horizontal prediction and vertical prediction . . . Prediction factor . . . Position or number of picture elements used for prediction
TA31 TA32 TA33 TA36 TA39
. . Orthogonal transform coding . . . Switch between field units or frame units . . . Selection of optimum transform or optimum base . . Number of Gradations, number of levels, or amplitude resolutions . . Number of hierarchies or bands
TA41 TA42 TA43 TA44 TA45 TA46 TA47 TA48 TA49 TA50
. Processing of transform coefficients . . Scanning . . Truncation . . Normalisation . . Quantisation . . . Quantisation step . . . . Quantisation matrix or table . . . . . Weighting factor or matrix . . Selection of coefficients to code, e.g. truncation . . Coding
TA51 TA52 TA53 TA54 TA55 TA57 TA58 TA60
. Normalisation excluding transform coefficient . Quantisation excluding transform coefficient . . Quantisation step excluding transform coefficient . . Quantisation representative value . . Vector quantisation (VQ) . Code allocation . . Switching coding tables . Bit, i.e. code amount allocation
TA61 TA62 TA63 TA64 TA65 TA66 TA68 TA69 TA70
. Motion processing . . Motion vector detection . . . Search area . . . Search starting point . . . Evaluation . . Motion/stillness judgement . Filtering . . switching characteristic or selecting filter . . Picture elements used for filtering
TA71 TA72 TA73 TA74 TA75 TA76 TA80
. Transmission control . . Selection of transmission line . . Part to transmit . . Transmission order . . . Priority . . Measures against code errors . switching control objects
TB TB00
ADAPTIVE CONTROL UNIT * 		TB01 TB02 TB03 TB04 TB05 TB06 TB07 TB08 TB09 TB10
. Sequence, e.g. plural frames or fields . . Scene . GOP, i.e. group of pictures . Frame or picture . . Field . Slice or plural blocks . Macroblock . Block . Line . Picture element
TB11 TB13 TB14 TB15 TB17 TB18 TB20
. Bit . Transform coefficient . . Group of transform coefficients . Frequency band . Hierarchy, e.g. layer . Object . Switch of control units
TC TC00
INFORMATION USED FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL * 		TC01 TC02 TC03 TC04 TC05 TC06 TC08 TC10
. Image * . . Picture element value (see TC05 and TC06) . . Prediction error value (see TC05 and TC06) . . Transform coefficient value (see TC05 and TC06) . . Normalised value (see TC02-TC04) . . Quantised value (see TC02-TC04) . . Coding error or quantisation error . . Complexity, e.g. activity (see TC02-TC06)
TC11 TC12 TC13 TC14 TC15 TC16 TC18 TC19 TC20
. Motion information * . . Motion vector . . Result of motion/stillness judgement . . Scene change . Memory occupancy or fullness . . Estimation of occupancy or fullness of receiving side (ex. Virtual buffer) . Code amount . . being estimated . . Estimation from memory occupancy
TC21 TC22 TC24 TC25 TC27
. Condition of transmission line, e.g. congestion . Presence of errors . Type of picture to be processed . Size of picture to be processed . Coding method
TC31 TC32 TC33 TC34 TC36 TC37 TC38 TC39
. Position * . . Centre or periphery of screen . . Block boundary . . Area of interest or non-interest . Specified value * . . Transmission rate . . Compression rate or target code amount . . Memory capacity
TC41 TC42 TC43 TC44 TC45 TC47 TC48 TC50
. Past history . Information on adjacent parts . Information on specific positions or part . Information from units larger than control unit . Information sent from receiving side * . Information input by operator * . . Line of vision . switching information used for control
TD TD00
DERIVATION METHOD OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL VALUES * 		TD01 TD02 TD03 TD04 TD05 TD06 TD07 TD08 TD09 TD10
. Extraction of feature values * . . Maximum or minimum value . . Mean value . . Variance or standard deviation . . Variation or fluctuation amount, difference value or differential value . . Sum total, integral value, e.g. square sum or power . . counting number or number of times . . Presence of edges or contours . . Spatial distribution, e.g. direction of edges . . Occurrence frequency distribution, e.g. histogram
TD11 TD12 TD13 TD14 TD15 TD16 TD17 TD18 TD19 TD20
. Comparison . . Thresholding . Classifying or grouping . Estimation or prediction . using of tables . using of functions . Optimisation by iterative processing . Deriving only to a specific part . Derivation with intervals . Switch of derivation methods
UA UA00
COMPONENT * 		UA01 UA02 UA03 UA04 UA05 UA06 UA08 UA09 UA10
. Structure of transmission side * . . Encoding circuit . . Displaying transmitting picture . Structure of receiving side * . . Decoding circuit . . . Gradual replay or gradual decoding . Clock pulse generating circuit . . for encoding and decoding . . for transmission
UA11 UA12 UA13 UA14 UA15 UA16 UA17 UA18 UA20
. Filter . . LPF . . BPF . . HPF . . Subbanding, e.g. QMF and CQF . . In-loop filter . . Temporal (time directional) filter . . characterised by position in the picture to be filtered . Emphasis or de-emphasis
UA21 UA22 UA23 UA24 UA25 UA26 UA28 UA29 UA30
. Limiter or setting upper, i.e. lower bound value . Geometric transformation, e.g. affine transformation circuit . Time axis conversion circuit . Serial or parallel conversion circuit . Concrete structure of (reverse-) orthogonal transform operation circuit . Concrete structure of scanning circuits . Picture transfer means . . Bus . . DMA
UA31 UA32 UA33 UA34 UA35 UA36 UA37 UA38 UA39 UA40
. Memory . . for speed adjustment . . for prediction . . for timing adjustment or delay . . Switching use of plural memories . . characterised by reading or writing, e.g. address control . . characterized by data arrangement in memory . . characterised by data to be stored in memory . Program . . Automatic construction of program
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